PTLLS Assignment 1: Roles and Responsibilities in the Teaching Cycle

1. Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training cycle. My role as a teacher In her book Preparing to teach in the Lifelong Learning sector 2011 (P9), Ann Gravells explains that â€Å"Your main role as a teacher should be to teach your subject in a way that actively involves and engages your students during every session. † Beyond this, my role as a teacher of business management extends to firstly being an exemplar of good management practice, behaviour and conduct. I would need to be a positive role model to my students in interpersonal relationships, organisation, time management, leadership and other aspects of the role of a manager. My role as a teacher also extends to creating a positive, safe and encouraging inclusive learning environment that provides opportunity for learner collaboration and co-operation. My role is not just didactic but facilitative in enabling learning. My role would be ongoing in identifying barriers to learning whether academic, personal or otherwise. I would then apply appropriate interventions to support the learner in overcoming such barriers, with due regard for the professional boundaries of the role. Ultimately, my role is to successfully motivate and support my learners to attain their management qualification. Responsibilities throughout the stages of the teaching / training cycle The teaching / training cyle is in five stages: 1. Identify needs 2. Plan and design 3. Facilitate / deliver 4. Assess 5. Evaluate At each of the five stages of the teaching / training cycle there are many responsibilities countered by relevant boundaries. Responsibilities and boundaries in identifying learning needs At Stage 1, identifying learning needs, the process starts with the candidate’s eligibility for the training. This may be in terms of their academic ability in being able to achieve the Management qualification or in their background and experience in being able to apply the learning. My responsibility would be to explain the entry equirements and assesment criteria to any prospective students. Eligibility in terms of funding and other issues unconnected with the course itself might be addressed by the Course Administrator and would therefore be a demarcation boundary. Course dates and issues around availability would be part of my responsibilities, as I would need to ensure that I maximise attendance and provide timings and dates that were feasible and appropriate. Other responsibilities wou ld be in assessing the needs of the students prior to the learning. I would include, in any pre-course literature, questions around special requirements / reasonable adjustments so that I could make the environment inclusive, safe and learner-friendly. I would also include a learning styles questionnaire, either VAK (Visual, Auditory, Kinaesthetic) or Honey and Mumford which is based on Kolb’s experiential learning cycle. I might also include questions around levels of understanding / experience in the management arena. This information would then inform the development of course materials that catered for the range of learning styles and differentiation in learners’ abilities. I would also be responsible for arranging suitable accommodation for the training including a classroom layout conducive to learning and the resources necessary to support the course materials. In management training it may be appropriate to have PowerPoint presentations, case studies and management DVDs. In terms of working within boundaries at this stage I would need to ensure that timings, dates and literature were in accordance with diversity and equality policies and did not exclude potential candidates. I would also need to ensure the safe-keeping and confidentiality of anything dislosed in the completed pre-course questionnaires. Responsibilities and boundaries in planning and designing At Stage 2, Planning and designing, my responsibilities would include reviewing the ‘needs’ questionnaires to prepare and design the course. If the course was new, I would need to research the internet, consult management books and theory and source materials from colleagues. I might also purchase appropriate support materials such as management styles questionnaires, DVDs etc. If the course was an existing one, I would review the course content to ensure that it was inclusive, contextualised to the learners’ experience, compatible with the learning styles of the learners and at an appropriate academic level to both meet assessment criteria and meet the varying learning needs of the learners. If necessary, I would need to tailor the course providing additional support for the differing academic levels of the learners I might consult internal verifiers or other colleagues to ensure that my course content was appropriate and engaging for the learners. I have often piloted courses to test their effectiveness. My responsibilities at this stage also include preparing aims, objectives, lesson plans, schemes of work and assessments. I would also need to design flipcharts, posters and handouts. The boundaries at this stage include budgetary and time constraints which may affect the quality of the course materials. I must also again make any reasonable adjustments with materials e. g. font size on handouts / PowerPoint presentations adjusted to meet the needs of learners with a visual impairment. I once had to recruit a signer for a deaf learner. I must also ensure that my materials do not breach copyright and licencing requirements. Responsibilities and boundaries in facilitating and delivering learning At Stage 3, facilitating and delivering the learning my responsibilities are extensive. Using my personal presence, presonal example, charisma and tools such as ground rules, I need to create the right first impression to ensure that my learners are aware of their responsibilities within the learning environment. I try to create an environment of support, collaboration and mutual respect. I am responsible for ensuring inclusivity of the learners and celebrating their diversity. I have a duty of care in respect of my learners and should get advice and guidance from my fellow professionals in areas I am unsure of. The environment should be in accordance with Health and Safety requirements allowing free movement and access, no trip hazards, safe, tested electrical equipment. I need to create a psychologically safe environment without intimidation or disrespect. I would do this by challenging inappropriate behaviour and encouraging positive behaviour. I could also refer learners back to the ground rules. Depending on the learning needs / progress of individuals I might need to adapt and target some parts of the course content. I need to minimise jargon and adapt my language and style to the needs of the participants. I need to create opportunities for networking, self-development and experimentation. I must also be aware of any perceived or real barriers to learning and make appropriate interventions. To do this I would confer with teaching assistants or ‘privately’ discuss any issues directly with learners. My presentation style should be engaging, motivational inspirational and thought-provoking. I should keep the necessary records to evidence learner attendance and attainment. My exercises should cater for the varying learning styles of the group. I can employ the assistance of other professionals such as teaching assistants to provide learners with any learning / motivational support or personal care. This is another area of demarcation for the teacher. If there are personal issues creating barriers to learning, then I should know the boundaries of my responsibilities and when to refer to other professional bodies. Other boundaries would include maintaining a professional distance and not becoming too familiar with learners. The use of personal email addresses, personal mobiles numbers and social networking sites would overstep the boundaries of professional conduct. I should also be careful not to favour individual learners or discriminate or exclude learners adhering at all times to diversity and equality requirements / policies. I should maintain confidentiality, agreed as part of the ground rules. Records should be kept safe and confidential. Responsibilities and boundaries in assessing At Stage 4, Assessing, my responsibilities are to set appropriate assessments that comply with the criteria set by the examining board. I also need to comply with any requirements / adjustments advised by the external and internal verifiers. I have a responsibility to ensure that assessments are accessible, with any reasonable adjustments made. I need to ensure that any examinations are conducted appropriately in accordance with guidelines set by the examining board. I need to ensure objectivity, equality and fairness in my grading and marking of assignments. I also need to complete my marking in a timely manner to ensure that learners receive feedback as soon as possible. Feedback on assigments would be written or vebral if additional support was required. Feedback should be constructive, balanced, supportive and helpful. I need to follow the correct procedures for referring or failing students that do not meet the assessment criteria. I should ensure that assessment records are captured correctly and stored safely, ensuring confidentiality. The responsibility areas outlined above illustrate the boundaries that must be adhered to data protection, confidentiality, bjectivity, equality and fairness. Responsibilities and boundaries in evaluating Stage 5 is evaluation. As a teacher I need to review the course once it has concluded. Evaluation methodology employed might include post-course questionnaires, budgetary analysis, return on investment exercise, outputs from exercises and assessments, teacher observation, reflective diaries, peer ob servation, feedback from external and internal verifiers and ultimately the assessment results. I should analyse what went well and what needs to be improved. Boundaries at this stage would be my ability to be objective and barriers to receiving / accepting feedback. 2. Identify the key aspects of current legislative requirements and codes of practice relevant to your subject and the type of organisation within which you would like to work. In my former role as a trainer in the Civil Service, I was subject to the Official Secrets Act, the Civil Service code of conduct and to various HR policies. These governed my personal behaviour towards others, my integrity and my professionalism. Failure to comply might lead to grievances, disciplinary procedures and employment tribunals. In her book Preparing to teach in the Lifelong Learning sector 2011 (P9), Ann Gravells lists codes of practice and legislation relevant to the training arena. I have considered their relevance to my role and subject area. Code of Professional Practice 2008 by the Institute for Learning is a useful guide as to how teachers should behave and the professional boundaries that they should work within. This code covers such areas as integrity, respect, care, practice, disclosure and responsibility. Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 – I would need to ensure that the support materials used did not breach this legislation. I would need to acquire permission or purchase licences for relevant work that I wished to use. Data Protection Act 2003 – this governs the type of data kept about my students, information held should be restricted to what is relevant for my purposes and role. Data should be up-to-date and accurate. This also governs the security of information. Confidentiality and safe keeping being of the utmost importance. Equality Act 2010 – this legislation was designed to protect individuals from unfair treatment and discrimination and advance equality of opportunity. It protects individuals on the grounds of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, age, disability and sexual orientation. As a teacher I should be aware of my own prejudices and ensure that I do not exclude, discriminate or treat unfairly any of the learners in any way that contravenes this act. Further to the Equality Act, there are often organisational policies relating to Diversity which means that as a teacher I should accept and celebrate the diversity of the learners, enabling and valuing the contributions of individuals. Freedom of Information Act 2000 – this legislation is around the rights of the public to information held by authorities. This information could be anything that might be in the public interest to know. The ‘public’ therefore includes the learners. As a teacher I need to ensure that any records kept are accurate and relevant and contain nothing that I would not wish the learners to see.. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 – relates to the responsibility of everyone in the workplace to take responsibility for ensuring the workplace is healthy and safe. As a teacher I would need to be aware of my responsibilities and ensure that learners are aware of their responsibilities. Responsibilities include interventions to rectify issues e. g. removing a trip hazard. Reporting accidents and near misses is another responsibility. Aslo reporting any issues that you are unable to address yourself. I would also add the requirement for a Public Performance Licence. This would be held by the organisation you work for. If you play recorded music or music videos in public – including radio or TV – you are legally required to have a PPL licence.

Nutritional Value of Menu Items At a Local Fast-Food Restaurant

In my pursuit to investigating the balancing the qualities of healthy choices of fast food restaurants were a challenging venture. During a recent visit to McDonalds, I ordered a healthy menu and then selected a very unhealthy menu. My choices included for the healthy choice a rice shrimp burger, side salad, vanilla reduced fat ice cream cone, and Dasani water.   In my selection of an unhealthy selection I chose a Big Mac, large fries, Mcfurry with Oreo cookies, and a large coca-cola drink. The assessment of my analysis provided an interesting result to the pursuit of a nutritional value meal. In my selection of my healthy selection, I discovered that McDonalds provided an easier approach to being able to select a more nutritional food selection compared to other fast food restaurants (McDonalds, 2008). The healthy selection calorie intake was less than 500 which on a world platform is a great attribute for McDonalds to develop and incorporate an excellent healthy meal. The healthy selection was tasty and fulfilling that was surprising for a fast food restaurant. However, the ingredients were not sacrificed in order to make the healthy food selection with low calories which was a good marketing decision at McDonalds. The unhealthy selection posed a greater challenge due to the higher calorie but the taste was slightly more fulfilling with a huge guilt after taste due to the 1,000 calorie meal. The difference was the feeling of self indulgence to an extreme that was both satisfying and somewhat uncomfortable. However, those feelings did not prevent the challenging temptation to stop eating the unhealthy menu selection. In the future, the fast food restaurants could create a marketing angle that ignites a strong sense of identification and acceptance depending on the social environment. For instance, on the healthy choice a marketing plan that provides an emphasis on a surprising taste of trying something new, rather than the ordinary. The imagery of the marketing ad or commercial should present a creative and alluring concept in order to entice the viewer to indulge in a new experience by making a more nutritional choice. In regards, to the marketing angle for the unhealthy selection the marketing angle can focus showcasing a back drop of self-indulgency that goes along with the sensation eating the item. In doing so, the viewer can relate the two and make a concise choice to select the unhealthy item over the healthy one. The key is the effective translation of marketing the extreme in either selection that relates to the selection – that encourages participating in enjoying the menu item. References McDonalds Inc. (2008) Official International Website. Retrieved from http://www.mcdonalds.com            

French Existentialism Philosophers Essay

Gabriel Marcel is known to be one of the more religious philosophers who was a French Existentialist. He was a committed Catholic Philosopher and he believed that by being connected to others he will be connected to god. He believed that philosophy should be about hope and wanted to portray the more positive aspects of human characteristics through his writings and thoughts. Marcel has a belief that problems and mysteries were two separate ideas where problems exist outside and apart from ourselves and mysteries were unsolved queries that were more internal to one’s self. For example determining what a body is, is a problem and determining what my body is, is a mystery. He believes that we can use primary and secondary reflections in order to seek a solution to the problem or mystery being faced with. Primary reflections use analytical skills to separate the thinker from the problematic object in order to find a resolution. Separating the thinker from the problem is important in order to effectively reflect and create intellectual and moral means to a solution. Primary reflections use means of abstracting data and using it in order to manipulate the world and deal with the problem that is not always black and white or a right or wrong answer. Primary reflection approaches problems from an objective standpoint where the thinker is separate from the problem while the secondary reflection begins with the experience of existence within the problem and is used with reflection of a mystery. The secondary reflection is open to contemplation by looking at it as a unique presence. The existence within the world is not a problem that needs to be solved because humans and their bodies are intrinsically related to the world and they are in relation to each other, not objects or problems that can be manipulated. Marcel believed that Philosophy is a part of reflecting on a mystery and the mystery requires participation of the person reflecting because it is an experience of presence itself. A mystery involves you as an intrinsical part of the question which is a question of yourself and requires a solution by secondary reflection. A question becomes a mystery when it takes itself into the subject. Marcel believes that humans are increasingly becoming defined by their problems which cause alienation of themselves from themselves and also causing separation from others. The questions of â€Å"being† and humans are mysteries within the Marcel philosophies. When something is recognized as â€Å"not being† it cannot be a mystery. As humans we have a need for â€Å"being† with â€Å"ontological exigence† which consumes â€Å"being† upsurges of joy, happiness, hopefulness, expectations and desires. â€Å"Being† as a human means existing and experiencing the world and the subjects within it. Having something means exercising power over that thing by possession and rights to those possessions. By having rights over a possession can also enables that person to have the ability of disposal of that subject as well. Having something is different from experiencing that thing, for example having a body is different form experiencing your body because you cannot rid yourself of your body without ceasing to be. Life is not identical to a person’s â€Å"being† because â€Å"being† is the whole self which is more than life and it is what a person aspires to be. Humans can only evoke the fullness of â€Å"being† by engaging with others and coming together as a community. Marcel promotes the idea of living I-Thou which opens up and enhances a person’s â€Å"being† which God being the ultimate Thou. The I-Thou idea requires a person to be open to the â€Å"being† of others within their lives and not living only for themselves. Marcel has an interesting stance on the subject of love and how it should be defined. He believes that love has to do with inner subjectivity and it is about seeking and experiencing the â€Å"being† of the other. Love is not about possession or having another person which is commonly thought to be the main definition of what love means. Marcel believes that a self does not love, but it is the self that is constituted by love. When we attach predicates to a thou we limit our love for another and it’s trust and faith which constitutes love in the â€Å"being† of the other. I always thought that love had to do with possessing and labeling a person or subject as yours. However, Marcel’s philosophy on love has changed my point of view into believing that love is about fully accepting a person as who they are instead of trying to possess them and changing them into being an object of your desire and control. Part B: In Simone Beauvoir’s writing of The Ethics of Ambiguity she begins to elaborate on ethics and the importance of a moral obligation to overcome oppression. Moral acts and willing one’s self free is an obligation of a person in order to become a moral person. With moral freedom a person is not free unless they can deal with free individuals. We all should strive for our freedom as well as the freedom of others and the freedom of all. The freedom to choose is shaped by social and political freedom of people. Beauvoir believes that in order to free all we must take a stand for justice especially in the political sense. We ought to respect freedom when it serves freedom, but not when freedom distances itself from itself. For example when freedom is used in the oppression and the abuse of others, we ought not to respect it in cases such as a dictatorship oppressing the freedom of its people. Oppressing an oppressor is justified even when it requires violence and in cases of people rising up and rebelling the person or the system that has been oppressing them it is justifiable. In such cases casualties of war with sacrifices is justified when fighting for freedom because it makes it a just war. Simone Beauvoir states â€Å"the truth is that if division and violence define war, the world has always been at war and will always be; if man is waiting for universal peace in order to establish his existence validly, he will wait indefinitely: there will never be any other future. † (Beauvoir ) With this she means that if the only reasons for war are for violence to annihilate the other opponent because of division then war will never end and people will never reach complete liberation. However, oppressing and oppressor should never be driven by blind faith. The actions must be considered fully well and deliberate over choice. Each circumstance should be considered on a case by case basis and analyzed by practical problems. Ethics emphasize physical and social interaction in relation to other human beings because of freedom. Authentic morality involves engagement with the world that is not abstract intellectualism. People who sit by and talk about the problems and the circumstances that accustom the world are not engaging with the world directly. Beauvoir stresses that in order to achieve authentic morality people must do something to engage with the world not intellectualize the problems within it. Humans have a moral commitment to liberate the oppressed individuals because it causes limited liberation of their own freedom. Oppressed individuals may not even know that they are being oppressed and this why it is important for others to enlighten them and help them become liberated from their situation. With an oppressed individual, their own judgment that they are oppressed is what counts and this is why it’s an obligation of others who recognize the oppression to give them knowledge of their situation. Oppressed people are cut off from the future without the power of liberation to decide what is next for them in their lives. With liberation a person must be able to question values and oppressed individuals are not able to do this. Being oppressed does not gain moral character because character is not built by suffering. A person cannot say that they are a strong person because they have been accepting oppression and the suffering that comes with it. A person is strong when they take a stand for their liberation and fight for their own values as well as the liberation of others. However, power is limited within liberation, Beauvoir enforces this by stating that â€Å"to be free is not to have the power to do anything you like; it is to be able to surpass the given toward an open future; the existence of others as a freedom defines my situation and is even the condition of my own freedom. † (Beauvoir ) Power is a foundation of moral freedom and in order to engage the world a person must have power, but it is a limited power. Not only individuals of the world, but state also has an obligation to ensure that it’s people have a minimum level of well-being because this is necessary to freely act within the world. External help is needed in order to alleviate oppression and once an oppressed individual is placed within the presence of freedom they must pursue freedom for themselves and one cannot force freedom upon them or it would not be recognized as freedom at all. Works cited Beauvoir, S. D. The Works of Simone de Beauvoir. Zuubooks. com, 2010. Print. Marcel, Gabriel. A Gabriel Marcel Reader. 1st edition. St. Augustines Press, 2011. Print.

Germany and the Germans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Germany and the Germans - Essay Example Many people are unable to determine whether Hitler is a Christian, Muslim or he does not belief in God due to some of his controversial conversations that were against Christianity religion. However, Hitler’s table talk varies because of varied extraneous sources and interpretations recorded in varied languages. Summary One of the aspects that Hitler in his private conversations talks about is the nature of God. He talks about the laws and nature that will guide people towards the progress path, but quotes that people will not know anything about these laws (Hitler et.al 4). The understandings of human beings cannot envisage of other plans and human being has only discovered in nature the wonderful ideas through worshipping the laws. Therefore, people have a feeling for the all-might, whom they call God, who is the control of the natural laws of the whole cosmos. Therefore, a priest who has always followed and abides by the natural laws threatens humanity that humankind will r eceive a punishment in case they fail to accept the creed that they impose to them. Therefore, it is an issue of custom and habit in case humanity follows the part of such creed. Hitler talks of Russians being atheism because they do not believe in God, but that does not necessarily mean that they are not able to face death. Secondly, Hitler’s table talks are also presented where he argues that National Socialism and religion cannot go hand in hand (Hitler, et.al 4). Therefore, the author argues Christians should not be persecuted in case the National Socialism is ruling. The ultimate solution to these is that the religion should be left to gulp down themselves without harassment and discrimination. The church should not be replaced by something else because that would be dreadful. For instance, in England, the church is governed by the state but in America, it is all an issue of conformism. The people of Germany have outstanding patience but there are other people who are ca pable of undertaking a revolution in the universe (Hitler et.al. 4). This could be better in case the Germany people would make the moral laws their governing principles in any action they take. Thirdly, Hitler talks about the issue of the rebirth of industries in Germany and the trade competition among the Germany and the British people. Hitler.et.al (11) argues the way Germany people work but they do not get the proper salary, which they deserve. Their capabilities are well recognized but the reality is that they live only by their work, which makes them a contempt object to the people whom they serve. This accounts as to why Germany people received little empathy during the Anglo-Saxon world just before the WWI. However, due to large population growth, the Germany people had to migrate and the issues of policy affairs in the state were incorporated in the labor cycle to safeguard those who were paid poorly. During the trade period, the form of production that were considered in G ermany included coal and steel in Germany industries. However, the England paid higher prices and the competition between Germany and England increased; thus England became a rich nation. The millionaires exploited the poor and they reaped a lot of fruits from the toil of other people. England flourished

Comparative analysis between The Heathen by Jack London and The Open Essay

Comparative analysis between The Heathen by Jack London and The Open Boat by Stephen Crane - Essay Example Sea voyages are generally considered to be quite dangerous due to the unpredictability of oceans and nature’s fury is being presented in both these stories. â€Å"Eighty feet high splashes that were monstrous went above the mastheads.† The Heathen. (www.readbookonline.net ) Indeed both stories have been splendid when it comes to describing the human relationship, which exists between the different members during the course of their journey at sea. It also very beautifully brings forward the message that, during adversities it is the mutual trust and help that will enable each sailor to tide against all odds. Both stories have been quite effective, in showing the vagaries that the ship crew face during a ship wreck and the miraculous escapes of a few of them, who are partly saved by luck and partly due to the level of confidence each crew is filled with. Though ship wrecks are a common occurrence during olden days both these stories bring out the way by which the sailors and crew members overcome such adversities. It shows that people with the highest level of skill and intelligence, only can survive ship wrecks and sea journey is not for the weak hearted. Thus it is only ultimately the strong and bold men who challenge adversity are the one’s who survive ship wrecks. â€Å"If men get adequate training they would not get drowned in sea due to the commonly occurring shipwrecks.† The Open Boat. (www.readbookonline.net )

Assigment 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assigment 2 - Assignment Example Most of the information on the internet was in the form of advertisement luring people to some clinic or mother-baby care program. She wanted to join one but she did not have the money for that. Her primary source of information was the doctor she was visiting, magazines and the internet. She said that the first time she realized that she might be pregnant was when she felt like throwing up. She ignored it first thinking that pregnancy does not effect that early but the nausea was frequent. She went to the doctor to confirm it. After a few days she also had morning sickness and experienced wild mood swings. The weight gain followed soon. She was not bothered by it much she was expecting such symptoms. On the contrary she was relieved that there was no psychosis or any serious allergies. She also faced the opposite of departing from her relationship with her spouse; her husband turned out to be very caring. They had a few arguments every now and then but that was part of their normal life. They had arguments before the pregnancy so the new ones did not make any difference. They decided to get the baby delivered at the nearest hospital. The couple even agreed to get an appointment from the doctor that was taking care of the mother during pregnancy. Overall, the reality was much easier than the shocking expectations that the media usually portrays. She did talk about the pain during child birth (at the hospital, a normal delivery case) but she soon forgot about it when she rocked her first baby to sleep for the first time. The second mother vividly remembered what she was told about pregnancy. Most of the information came from friends and her mother. Her own mother was helping her all the way as she knew what to exactly expect. She was told that there can be complications but she needs to take care of herself. Her mom was strict about her diet and told her that if she eats right she will give birth to a healthy baby. She

Nursing Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Theory - Term Paper Example This essay discusses that King’s theory of goal attainment emphasizes upon the objectives which influence the relationship between a patient and a nurse. The underlying assumption on which this theory is based is that both the patient and the nurse interact with each other in the capacity of human beings. The two are open systems each of which intermingles with the environment as well. The theory of goal attainment is a systems model type of theory whose conceptual framework was retrieved from three fundamental systems of dynamic interaction, namely the social, interpersonal and personal interacting system. Because of its tendency to impact the behavior, perception is given extreme importance in the personal system. The reaction of groups or individuals gave rise to the interpersonal systems. King’s theory of goal attainment is quite relevant and applicable today. This theory highlights some key facts that are intuitively known by both the nurse and the patient. Interpe rsonal communication between the nurse and the patient is crucial for favorable results of the nursing practice. This theory analyzes the relationship between the nurse and the patient on three levels of social, interpersonal and personal interaction. The three jointly describe the interaction completely. Although the contemporary age is characterized by digital technology, which is frequently made use of by the nurse to interact with the patient, though the variables discussed in the King’s theory apply just as well as they do in verbal communication. The Division of Nursing is directed at providing the nursing care recipients with high quality of health care. Faculty achieves this through their research, teaching and community’s service. Nurses create their individualistic stance upon the health and life using a wide array of interpersonal relationships. The integration of intellectual, spiritual, physical and cultural elements facilitates this process. Both nurse an d the patient are influenced both externally and internally by a myriad of physical, social and biological components of the environment. Health is the name of an individual’s social, physical and spiritual well being. Nursing, on the other hand, is a field in which the professional counsels the patient in such a way that his/her health is restored. The most fundamental element of nursing is the care of patients. In order to facilitate optimal well being of the patient, the nurse works in an independent setting, though the environmental factors do govern the attitudes of both the nurse and the patient. King’s theory of goal attainment compares well with the philosophy of the Division of Nursing in that both acknowledge the significance of environmental factors upon the interaction between the nurse and the patient. Nevertheless, King’s theory places more emphasis upon the personal system while depicting the behavior of either of the two parties involved in the p rocess whereas the Division of Nursing makes a generic approach towards it by giving equal importance to each of the several components constituting the environment. My personal theory of nursing is that nurses maintain a caring relationship with the patients, irrespective of the theories of nursing. Nurses know their work. Nevertheless, their practice is consistent with the theories of nursing in general, and King’s theory of goal attainment in particular. I believe that factors affecting a nurse’s behavior and perceptions about the patient vary from one nurse to another. This is, to much an extent, an outcome of the way an individual thinks and the ideology of an individual. Since people vary in their opinions and ideologies, it is not quite reasonable to standardize the personal interacting system as the fundamental determinant of a nurse’s perceptions. King’s theory of goal attainment is relevant across the span of nursing practices because it tends t o explain some of the most fundamental concepts involved in the practice. As I said, I believe that one formula does not work for every individual because an

Discuss Quasi-Experimental Designs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discuss Quasi-Experimental Designs - Coursework Example Multiple-baseline design differs from a reversal design in that the multiple-baseline design measures multiple variables prior to and after a treatment while a reversal design (also known as ABAB design) is a kind of single-case experimental design which can only measure a single case. Additionally, in Multiple-baseline design, treatment is often introduced to a multiple number of people at different intervals. Quasi-experiments have a number of advantages as well as potential weaknesses. Some of the major advantages of quasi-experiments include greater validity (as it involves more real world conditions) and significantly much more feasibility given logistical and time constraints (Trochim and Donnelly, 2008). On the other hand, the weaknesses of quasi experiments include less controlled variables, and lack of randomness. The absence of randomization is a fundamental weakness as it can lead to weaker evidence by making. This weakness does not always matter as long as it is recognized as quasi- experiment offers a powerful research tool especially in areas where true experiments may not be feasible. Yes, when participants are randomly assigned to groups, it is assumed that the groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study. This is particularly attributed to the randomness of the selection. However, the participants eventually became nonequivalent at the end due to the researcher’s lack of control over the selected participants for ach group. This may be solved by using pretests and covariance experimental designs. The particular outcomes of a given study can be used to effectively suggest that a threat is likely to have been present include covariation, temporal precedence as well as the presence of other plausible alternative explanation for the research results may reveal a threat to the validity of the research. a. Non-equivalent control group pretest only: Involves comparing the treatment and comparison

Ethnic Views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethnic Views - Essay Example Settling in a different context would also result to cultural conflict where the dominant group isolates the minorities due to ethnic and other differences. In this text two incidences; the myth of the Latin women and the American dreamer will be explored to portray how cultural conflicts occur and lead to stereotyping. Fredrickson, M. George put forward four models of ethnic relations and how they are embraced as well as their effects on the affected parties. In this case one-way simulation, a model that tries to forcefully integrate the immigrants into the new ways of the native people in America will be analyzed in the two narratives above and the specific cases outlined to relate the cases occurrences with the model as postulated by Fredrickson. The American dreamer The American Dreamer is a narrative of an Indian woman; specifically from the Bengali speaking tribe who went to study in Canada in the 50s only to be met with harsh racial sentiments and highly contrasting cultural p erspectives that makes her to forget her real identity in a confused racial conflict situation. The hierarchical classification society that she was used to was replaced by a contradicting westernized lifestyle that encompasses virtually everything that her cultural background describes as social norms. The westernized ways of life such as 5 minutes wedding in a lawyer’s office was the climax of departure from a well structured cultural that the writer has abandoned and tries to fit in to a different cultural perspective that is not welcoming. This makes the writer and her family to move to the United States, where she becomes a committed immigrant from being detached onlookers that she had been reduced to. The writer later becomes an advocate of integration among cultures and critically discourages the idea of cultural retentions, a view that did not go well with many scholars and especially those of Indian origin who blames her for leaving her culture, and advocating agains t those cultural lines in America. The writer describes America as having a good bill of rights meaning, that there were chances of equal treatment among the cultures with increased advocacy. Analysis From the story above, Fredrickson model of one way assimilation is evident in both the Canadian and the US platforms though on a lesser extent on the latter. One way assimilation recognizes that humans are equal in treatment and rights, but on terms that strictly specify that the native or dominant culture; in this case the American culture is more superior, pure and has to remain unchanged by the immigrants or new cultures from outside the American culture (Frederickson, 635). This was observed when in 1994 when the Florida Lake country School board announces it policy that required that all middle class teachers to instruct their students that American culture, meaning the European-American culture was â€Å"inherently superior† to other foreign or historic cultures. The case of some of Indian born academics in the US campuses appointing themselves as the guardians of the purity of ethnic cultures also portrays a case of one way assimilation, and this explains their disgust with the writer’s efforts. The myth of the Latin woman This case is a case of stereotyping and culture a conflict between a student of the Hispanic origin and the English culture in Britain. The student is humiliated and undergoes psychological torture as the English speakers isolate her due to her Hispanic looks and view her

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Personal statement - Essay Example I for my part was very interested in the area, so I enjoyed those times very much. The break in studies was mainly intended to find my strength and weaknesses and thereby, identify the field that best suited my aptitude. I had always wanted to work before going in for higher studies. The break has indeed been the most defining time of my life. The experiences in various areas of human interaction have significantly influenced my perspective towards issues and factors which were hitherto considered of low merit. In 2003, I first worked with Ymed Sysems Inc. which market medical equipment and provide medical services. Working with the company made me realize that being professional and being a salesman are two different things. To advance in life, I needed to acquire more knowledge. Though I started reading books on different areas of business, I realized that higher degree would equip me with better knowledge. After two years’ working with the company, I finally knew that economics is the field for me. I am interested in knowing how and what makes business succeed in the highly competitive global environment. Though I had made tentative decisions about my future, I enrolled for military service. The next two years in military had further strengthened my belief that America is the place to realize one’s dream. I knew that America is a land of opportunities and pursuing higher education from prestigious academia like this education would greatly facilitate in realizing my dreams of becoming a successful professional in the field business management. Since 2008, I have been studying in America. I have been attending English, economics, accounting, and mathematics classes, which will become the cornerstone for more profound study in Santa Barbara City College. The classroom sessions have taught me how theories are applied in real life situations. The two years in

Corporate law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate law Master - Case Study Example Thus, from all appearances the corporation is indeed a close one. If it was not stated that the spouses Paul and Mary had registered the company in 1980 with the name Scott Enterprises PTY. Ltd., the first thing that would come to the mind is that the spouses must have formed a partnership instead because the business originally involved only the two of them i.e. the spouses. Most partnerships involve only two business partners (Clifford 2006, p.7). But such is not the case here, although if I were the spouses' adviser at the time they contemplated to form a business entity, I would have suggested a partnership instead because a partnership is simpler and entails no further elaborate requirements to satisfy the requirements of the Corporation Act. Besides, it entails less expenses than incorporating and gives them more leeway and freedom of action than incorporation, which puts one to the reins of government control. If the spouses chose partnership instead, either Paul or Mary can bind the partnership by any legitimate contract in the ordinary course of business of their manufacturing concern. But probably, the spouses had in mind the future of the company. ... ey might be forced to retire from the business due to old age, debility, sickness, incapacity or even worse death to any or both of them (Humphreys 1998, p.6-1). Corporation provides more stability because it affords the right of succession, in which case if any of the above occurs, they can safely ensconce the corporation in the hands of the three children - Suzy, Peter and Sam (Dine 2000, p.101). A corporation ensures continuity and permits transfer of shares of their stocks to the three children if any of the above happens. Perhaps, the spouses want to see the company they laboured hard to put up go a long way and they desire to experience the fruits of their hard work when this company is already in the hands of their children. A corporation just cannot be dissolved voluntarily because it requires a vote of two thirds of the stock and its dissolution can only take place by some judicial or administrative act of the government ( Davis 2000, p.6). 3 The form of corporation can only be a close corporation because all of the corporation's issued stocks are held of record by only 5 persons, with the three children holding each 30% of the shares and the 10% share being retained by the spouses. Although the case is silent about any action to make a public offering of the shares of the corporation or to enlist the corporate shares in any stock exchange, yet the tenor of the case strongly suggest that the spouses never did any of these acts nor have any intention to make one in the future (Moye 2004, p.209). The resolve to keep the business within exclusive family control is so strong we can just surmise that the

Discusses Confucius contributions Essay Example for Free

Discusses Confucius contributions Essay Confucius life was of tremendous importance in the forming of Chinese culture. Confucius plan and simple approach to life, revealed his deep seeded beliefs that through great human effort one can shape their own future. He had great faith in the ordinary man and believed that they are teachable and perfectible. Confucius believed that ordinary humans could be come awe-inspiring with wisdom and great knowledge. The quest to improve ones self became deeply rooted in the Confucian heritage. Confucius concept of moral rectitude was considered part of the pursuit to becoming the perfected person. Confucius was devoted to learning and teaching. His teaching emphasized self-improvement and moral rectitude. When his words for the sake of the self are explored it becomes clear Confucius was constant in his belief of self-improvement through out his life and his work. Confucius was a philosopher, teacher and political figure that lived from (551-479 BC) in the state of Lu, now know as the Shandong province. He was a member of the minor aristocracy and bureaucratic class during that time. By the time of his birth, his family had apparently become poverty-stricken. He was known for his conservation of the traditions of ritual and music of the Chou civilization. At an early age, it was apparent that Confucius was dedicated to learning. Confucius father died when he was three years old and this probably had a huge impact on his familys class. The lose of his father and his family being poverty-stricken must have been key factors that set him upon his ambitious journey to improve human kind, governments and society. His mother was his first teacher and he developed an emphatic quest for knowledge. It was a common practice for aristocratic families to hire tutors to educate their sons, but Confucius was one of the first persons to devote himself totally to learning and teaching for the sole purpose of transforming and improving society. Confucius was also a dedicated government servant. He served in government posts where he managed stables and kept books. At the age of nineteen Confucius married a woman of similar background. Confucius early influences are all contributing factors that made him a young and wise  scholar during his time. Confucius concept of moral rectitude was evident because he wanted to make education available to all men. He believed everyone could benefit from learning and self-cultivation. Confucius established a humanities program for leaders, paved the way for education to all and redefined learning as not only the acquisition of knowledge, but also as a character builder. Confucius primary role of education was to provide the proper way of training noblemen. This education would consist of continuous self-improvement and frequent social interaction. To personally achieve the goal for the sake of the self, Confucius mastered six arts: ritual, music, archer, charioteering, calligraphy and arithmetic. The art that became most important was that of ritual. Confucius was actively involved with the government. It was his desire to have a rebirth of the ideas and institution of a past golden age. Confucius hoped to integrate the ritual of those times into the government and family life. He believed this could only happen with ideal rulers such as the legendary sage-kings Yao and Shun. Confucius believed that the ethic of an ideal ruler would translate to a moral state. The ideal ruler would cultivate virtues of benevolence toward others, a general sense of doing what is right, loyalty and diligence in serving ones superiors. The moral rectitude according to Confucius could also be taught and handed down by performing rituals. Ritual acted as guidelines for people to follow in any given social situations. Ritual could vary considerably depending on age, social status and gender. Confucius contributed to some specific rituals and values but also the importance of the past and hierarchy of the social classes. Rituals be came the way to act. Most East Asian societies continue to be influenced by Confucius teachings, valuing the community, the family, and other social relationships over individuality and uniqueness. The Confucius influence encourages support of education and learning from books and from the past, refinement of social rituals to smooth the relationships of people in a community. The western  culture has vastly deviated from Confucius teaching. Each day the western culture ignores more rituals and become more self-absorbed. A glance at todays headlines or reality TV makes this obvious. Today there are still some existing rituals and moral behavior, but the boundaries blur with each generation. What Confucius provided was a definition of ethics and morally characterized by personal actions and rituals. A simple way to understand Confucius thoughts is to gain an appreciation of the varying levels of honesty. Over time, they developed into the following form: *Li ritual. Propriety or politeness, Etiquette. This concept originally meant to sacrifice. The term later expanded to secular ceremonial behaviors and then even more diffuse mean, that of propriety or politeness. This expanded the term to everyday life situations. Confucius was revered as the authority on ritual behavior. *Ziao or Hsiao filial piety. Respect and obedience. The was considered to be the greatest virtue and was shown towards the living and dead. The term filial means of a son and therefore denotes that a son should have respect and obedience to his parents. This term was expanded to other relationships such as ruler and subject, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and that between friends. The duties and ritual where prescribed for each of these relationships. Eventually this term was integrated into the Chinese legal system. An example of this would be that a child would be punished more harshly if the crime were against a parent. *Zhong or Chung loyalty. This term is equivalent to filial piety, but on a different level. This term apply predominantly to the social classes of ruler and minister. In a case of Zhong, a minister should obey the ruler because he has the higher (anointed by god) authority and therefore that maked it the right thing to do. *Ren or Jen humanness. The relates to the Golden Rule This term is best described by Confucius version of the Golden Rule, Do not do to other what  you would not like them to do to you. *Junzi or Chun-Tzu the gentleman. The ideal towards which all strive. This term mean son of a ruler. This term implies that a gentleman are always expected to act as moral guides to the rest of society. Gentlemen are those who cultivate themselves morally and who personify the other characteristics of honestly. Confucius is exclamatory of this concept Confucius was a man of great vision. The politics of his time did not allow his philosophy to flourish, but he did provide an awakening to human king. He was perceived then and now as a heroic conscience. Confucius teaching remains enormously influence today, but unfortunately, they are not always taken to heart or practiced. Todays politicians could learn much from his teaching. One of Confuciuss principal legacies, the notion of the enlightened civil servant, is not a prevalent as it should be in the modern word. Humankind moves forward, but sometimes we forget to bring the greatness of our history with us.

Augmented Reality Applications. Challenges and Future Trends

Augmented Reality Applications. Challenges and Future Trends Augmented Reality (AR) Abstract Augmented reality presents a mix of real world information and additional computer generated information to a user. Such a mix of information is usually presented by superimposing two distinct sets of images on to a monitor or a head mounted display which enables a viewer to observe a mix of the real world and computer generated text or images. Even though the visual sense is not the only sense which can be used to present and perceive computer altered reality, visual presentations are the most used in augmented reality systems. The additional presentations that are generated by a computer can substantially assist users in a number of ways including provision of textual information about what is being viewed, presentation of hidden information or images associated with a visual scene as well as the results of planned alterations to reality such as the presentation of the results of a construction or a demolition of physical structures. Augmented reality may be considered as being a b ranch of virtual reality research, but unlike virtual reality, in which everything that is presented to a user is generated by a computer, augmented reality only presents an alteration to the reality that is being sensed. There are very many interesting applications of augmented reality which are proving to be useful to human users. From assisting surgeons to perform delicate surgery, helping archaeologists collect excavation data to assisting rescuers after a natural disaster or aiding soldiers in urban combat, augmented reality systems are achieving even greater success as technological advances on a broad front enable even more sophisticated systems to be designed. Miniaturisation and the design of rugged, low power consumption components have resulted in portability. This essay presents a discussion of the potential and the problems of augmented reality systems. Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. A Description of the Operation of an Augmented Reality System 3. The User Benefits of an Augmented Reality System 4. Portable Augmented Reality Systems in Wearable Computers 5. The Outdoor Use of an Augmented Reality System 6. The Potential Sources of Error in an Augmented Reality System 7. Conclusion References / Bibliography List of Figures The Generation of Visual Augmented Reality using Head Mounted Displays, Cameras and Diverters for the Mixing of Real and Virtual Spaces Managing Multiple Spaces for Generation of Augmented Reality Sources of Error in Augmented Reality Systems 1. Introduction Augmented reality refers to the utilisation of computers to modify reality, usually in order to provide additional assistance when a human user is interacting with the real environment. The real world around humans provides a wealth of information which the human user must absorb and process through their senses. The most useful and informative of all human senses is the sense of vision and a huge amount of information about the ambiance is required to be sensed as well as processed by the human visual system. Computers are useful because they can provide an overlay of information to assist with the human processing of the information which they perceive through their senses, mostly the visual sense. [1] As an example, a human who is walking around an urban area can be provided additional information through a head mounted display which superimposes textual information about identification of buildings and other important landmarks so that the human is provided additional guidance ab out identification of buildings and landmarks or other useful information about what they are viewing. [2] Obviously, the computer too has to sense the environment in order to provide any additional information and this is done through a camera that captures the same view as the human. The camera provides images which are identified by a computer and virtual scenes are created in the virtual world generated by a computer. The computer program then generates additional assistive information that is presented to the human user in order to assist them in their interactions with their environment. Augmented reality software program is required to process information which a computer senses through sensors and the real space is transformed into a virtual space within the computer, with computer software identifying, recognising and transforming the external inputs from the real world in order to transform these inputs into assistive outputs for the user of an augmented reality system. Au gmented reality can, therefore, be considered to be a variation of virtual reality which completely immerses a user inside a synthetic environment. Augmented reality makes it possible for a human user to view the world with virtual objects that are generated by a computer and then superimposed or merged with it. The characteristics of virtual reality systems include a combination of the real and the virtual, interactions in real time and registration in 3 – D. [3] Augmented reality has proven itself to be useful in a wide variety of applications. From assisting surgeons to perform delicate surgery to assisting soldiers in battlefield or helping with education as well as assisting archaeologists gather field data on a site, virtual reality has proven to be of great benefit to humans in a very wide range of applications. [4] However, virtual reality technology is still evolving and with advances in computer science, even greater sophistication is likely to be possible in a large number of applications. Advances in wearable computing, software, miniaturisation, display technologies as well as sensors and radio networking have had a profound impact on the application of augmented reality. [5] Augmented reality systems are now far less bulky, portable and can be worn by a human user who may want to be assisted in a variety of ways in order to perform a task. Systems making use of augmented reality are now often used outdoors in harsh weather condit ions. Despite the possibilities, virtual reality implementations do have some limitations as well as difficulties with implementation. Registration errors or problems associated with sensing or bandwidth of the display devices can cause deterioration in the performance of augmented reality systems. Objects in the real and the virtual world have to be aligned correctly in relation to each other otherwise the illusion which is created as a result of the two worlds coming together will not be comfortable for humans. Sensing devices which provide data inputs for the augmented reality computer have to be able to track the field of vision of a user. Sensing errors, mechanical alignments, incorrect viewing parameters such as field of view or tracker –to- eye position or orientation as well as optical distortion in the display system are some of the problems which can affect the performance of an augmented reality system. [6] In this essay, an attempt has been made to discuss various aspects of augmented reality systems, including perspectives associated with their construction, portability, user benefits for those using augmented reality, outdoor use of augmented reality systems and the problem of errors in such systems. It is hoped that the readers will benefit from such a discussion and gain a broader understanding of the current state of augmented reality. The next few sections of this essay discuss the previously mentioned issues. 2. A Description of the Operation of an Augmented Reality System Augmented reality systems usually add to the information that is received from the real world. In augmented reality vision systems, objects from the virtual world generated by a computer can be added to the scene from the real world. However, augmented reality systems can also remove sensations from the real world and as an example; it is possible to remove a table which a human using the augmented reality system may be viewing as a result of the computer painting it over. Although augmented reality usually refers to a computer modifying the real information that is presented to the human vision system, vision is not the only sense which a computer can interfere with. A system in which multi – sensory input is provided may turn on a heat lamp when a user approaches a spot in the virtual environment that is exposed to the sun or the smell of roses may be directed to a user when they approach a rose garden in mixed environment. A computer can also direct that a fan be switched o n in order to provide a flow of air to a user when they approach a spot in the virtual environment that is exposed to wind. [7] Thus, augmented reality involves modification of reality that is presented to a user by a computer which also senses reality and which has created a virtual model based on what has been sensed. Examples of the application of augmented reality include superimposition of internal information over external surfaces or the augmentation of viewed environment with informational labels. [8] When thinking about augmented reality, it is appropriate to think about the physical space, the virtual space and the measured space. The concept of physical and virtual space should be clear, however the concept of measured space refers to the representation of the physical space inside a computer and the manner in which sensory data is used to present the real space to a user. The generation of augmented and virtual spaces require the joining together or overlapping of the space maps associated with the physical and the virtual spaces, with the interaction being managed by computers and people using their sensory capabilities. Virtual space does not necessarily represent the physical space and this space is a model of the physical space that is created the real world and its views as perceived by sensors. Virtual space contains inputs from the physical space which are incorporated into the electronic space by the computer. The generation of augmented reality involves superimposing electronic generated space on to the real objects and space. The virtual space inside a computer must correspond to the real space which has to be mapped into the computer using some sort of a global reference such as a global positioning system. [9] Relative measurements of objects in physical space are transferred to the computer so that the electronic space may be generated, even though it may not be known where the physical space is with regard to the rest of the universe. Thus, a car’s interior dimensions are relative to each other, although it may not be known where the car is in the universe. A close mapping may exist between the physical and the virtual space if the electronic space is required to be a close representation of the physical space. It may be required to represent different parameters from the real space into a virtual space, such as the variation of light intensity or temperature. Some event in the physical space may also be required to generate a trigger and some how alter the electronic virtual space. Different types of sensors may be used to provide information about the physical space such as the dimensions of the physical space being measured by ultrasound or sonar. Sensor inputs are required to be fed into a computer, processed and then used to present a reflection in the electronic space. Triggers from the physical space are also measured by sensors and as an example; the presence of a human object in an area of the physical space may be registered by a capacitive sensor which will transmit this information into the computer. The computer that is being used may then take some action to process this trigger and generate some outputs or variations in the electronic space. Virtual spaces that are generated inside a computer after some processing of the data related to physical spaces are translated and made available in the real world by projection involving video, audio, tactile or hepatic devices or even by using the sense of smell. The virtual world of the computer is projected at some point or location in the physical world which is known as the point of projection. Device such as a screen, a virtual reality goggle or PDA etc are used for such projections. Projections of the virtual world into the real world through devices present users with an illusion of occupying some part of the physical space such as the space behind a projection screen or in front of a holographic plate. In purely virtual reality environments, the sensing of an object from the physical space may have an impact on the projection of the virtual space into the physical space, however, the object that is being sensed will not be a part of the virtual space. In mixed or augmented spaces, however, the sensed object will be incorporated into the virtual space and hence the link between the object that is being sensed and the projection is important. Location in space is usually measured in terms of some sort of coordinates which could be Euclidean coordinates such as polar, spherical or ordinance grid coordinates or alternatively, the location may be relative to a zone with objects being detected as being in a zone such as a room or a part of a room. Information about position may also be relational with some object being detected as being close to another object. The level of accuracy with which measurements in the physical space need to be made and information in the virtual space need to be displayed will vary for different applications, but the requirements related to accuracy will determine the amount of data that needs to be exchanged between the physical and virtual spaces. [10] As an example, head mounted displays and cameras that are mounted on these displays can be used to present computer modified reality to a user. The cameras sense reality and feed a video signal to a computer which is then modified by the computer according to the programmed algorithms for the generation of virtual space involving identification of objects, addition of data to images, image manipulation or object cancellation etc. The desired additions or modifications to the human view of reality are then projected on to the human eye through head mounted monitors or optical diversion and mixing of the real and virtual space. This is illustrated in the diagrams below. The Generation of Visual Augmented Reality using Head Mounted Displays, Cameras and Diverters for the Mixing of Real and Virtual Spaces [11] [12] Managing Multiple Spaces for Generation of Augmented Reality [13] Apart from optical see – through augmented reality displays, it is also possible to generate augmented reality using monitors and video see-through displays. Optical see-through displays in which the real world images are mixed with the virtual reality images that are generated by a computer using optical mixing are different from video see-through displays which project images that are desired to be seen by a human user on to the eye using a video display without any optical mixing from the real world. [14] The next section of this essay takes a look at the user benefits of an augmented reality system. 3. The User Benefits of an Augmented Reality System Augmented reality systems attempt to present a world which consists of a combination of computer generated imagery or other sensory inputs and real world perceptions that are available to a human user. Thus, augmented reality systems can present an enhanced view of the world to the users and the enhancements provide additional information which can be of benefit to the user in a variety of ways. The additional information which can be superimposed on the perception of a user can take a variety of forms depending on the application or the intended use of the augmented reality application. As an example, an augmented reality system may be designed to superimpose a pipeline system which has been designed for an industrial setting, or the system may assist a surgeon by superimposing internal imagery of a patient’s diseased organs on the image of their exterior anatomy, assisting the surgeon to perform surgery. All augmented reality systems assist humans to perform a task by enabli ng the human user to visualise, readily access additional information or to superimpose objects that are not visible on to real views. Augmented reality systems can enhance human understanding of what they are able to perceive and thus humans are assisted in solving problems which may be difficult if they were not provided any additional pieces of information. However, the applications of augmented reality are very broad and this technology has proven to be useful in very many applications. Thus, augmented reality may be used for entertainment or gaming, providing additional input on views of sporting events as well as assisting humans in more serious endeavours such as the battlefield, archaeology or architecture or urban design etc. Objects that are superimposed on real world views using augmented reality may be required to be presented in correct perspective depth as well as being accurately positioned with respect to other real or virtual objects and this can assist in human use rs being able to perform delicate work due to the additional understanding that they are able to acquire as a result of using augmented reality systems. Miniaturisation of computing elements and advances in wireless as well as general technological advances on a broad front have made it possible for augmented reality systems to be miniaturised and to be made wearable or portable, adding to their general usefulness both indoors and outdoors. Thus, augmented reality systems are able to assist, entertain, inform or aid humans by enhancing their perceptions in a wide variety of applications. [15] [16] [17] [18] The next section of this essay presents a brief discussion on portable augmented reality systems in wearable computers. This topic is important because portable and wearable systems have added considerably to the utility of augmented reality systems. 4. Portable Augmented Reality Systems in Wearable Computers Portability is required if an augmented reality user has to change their position in the world. Unlike virtual reality, augmented reality users cannot change their position by changing their location in the computer generated virtual world and have to be able to move around in the physical world. Portability is essential for a wide variety of augmented reality applications because users may be required to roam around in large areas. However, such requirement means that the augmented reality equipment has to be self contained as well as portable and that it should be possible to track users outdoors. The requirements for being able to track a user means that markers or communication relays will have to be utilised, especially if the computational requirements associated with augmented reality cannot be fully catered for on the portable end of the equipment and signals have to be relayed to a desktop, mainframe or networked computer. Because augmented reality does not replace the real world as virtual reality does, therefore, the resolution requirements associated with display devices or sensors are generally less stringent then those for virtual reality applications. Full colour displays are usually required for virtual reality applications, but monochrome displays may be sufficient for augmented reality. Requirements associated with rendering are also not a problem with augmented reality applications because images are only required to add to the real world visual inputs. However, tracking and sensing requirements for augmented reality applications are far more stringent then those for virtual reality applications because objects in the virtual space have to be correctly aligned with objects in the real world. As a result of the requirement to accurately track a user’s head and objects in the surrounding area, a large volume of tracking data is likely to be generated which must be processed in real time. If a portable or wearable computer is incapable of catering to these processing requirements, then reliable communications links must carry the tracking or associated data to remote computers. Thus, trackers or sensors are required to have a longer range, greater input variety and bandwidth as well as better accuracy. [19] [20] [21] Advances in portable augmented reality systems have been made possible as a result of faster, more rugged and better computing devices which consume low power. Wearable computers are required to be comfortable, safe and adjustable for an individual’s personal preferences. The user interfaces for such systems have to be user friendly as well as being capable of operating correctly in a harsh and noisy environment. Gesture and hand motion based interfaces have shown a promise in wearable computing, but such systems are required to be able to interface with a user in a reliable manner. Software for augmented reality substantially increases in complexity with complex applications. Short range wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth have made it possible for sensors to be readily placed on all parts of the human body. Thus, it may be concluded that portable augmented reality systems are required and useful but their widespread use and acceptance will depend on the rel iability, ruggedness, comfort as well as computing power which can be packed into such systems. However, technological advances on a broad front have resulted in many portable augmented reality systems being developed including systems for military, field archaeology or navigational assistance to name a few. [22] [23] The human factors requirements associated with wearable computing demand that aspects related to safety, ergonomics, anthropometry and ease of use or usability be considered in the design of portable or wearable augmented reality systems. Human users should be able to comprehend information that is being presented to them without any perceptual interference. The design of the wearable system should be based on ergonomic studies with good visually coupled display design. The user interface design should promote reliability in interactions with the system and usability for the human user. The augmented reality system is required to minimise the cognitive load on the human user and not add to the problems. It should be possible to indulge in team collaboration through the wearable augmented reality system. [24] The design of usable interfaces for human interactions is of the greatest importance in the design of wearable augmented reality system design. There are many usability guidelines which should be considered for designs and the quality of the design for usability can also be used to evaluate an augmented reality system. The design of a user interface should take into consideration factors including the level of user experience, support for interactions with other users, number and location of users, ease of calibration, support for body centred interactions, reduced relative latency and provide the user with a tracking system that is accurate to a small faction of a degree in orientation and a few millimetres in position. The overall system processing delay should be minimised and there should be a level of consistency in the visual or sensory cues that are presented to the user. It is desirable that the errors which affect the performance of an augmented reality system and which are discussed in section 6 are minimised. The considerations associated with a good design of a wearable augmented reality system are too numerous to be tabulated here, but a detailed discussion about these issues is presented in Gabbard, Joseph. L. â€Å"Researching Usability Design and Evaluation Guidelines for Augmented Reality (AR) Systems†. Virginia Tech. 2001. [25] In the next section of this essay, a discussion is presented about the outdoor use of an augmented reality system. 5. The Outdoor Use of an Augmented Reality System Augmented reality systems are increasingly being used outdoors. Whereas, it is obvious that the use of augmented reality is gaining greater acceptance because there is a need for applications to assist humans with various activities outdoors, it is also important to understand that the outdoor use of augmented reality presents some technical challenges. Examples of the outdoor use of augmented reality include assistance with rescue operations after a natural disaster such as an earthquake or assisting with military operations in urban environment. [26] [27] Both of the previously mentioned applications require the augmented reality equipment to operate in a harsh environment in which any existing communications infrastructure is likely to have been obliterated or in danger of being destroyed. The military application can assist soldiers in identifying buildings, getting a feel for their interior and to be informed about potential threats such as the location of snipers from battlefie ld intelligence network, with such information being conveniently displayed on their field of vision. However, communication links are important because sophisticated computations on data cannot be performed on portable augmented reality units. Disaster relief can be aided by augmented reality as a result of rescuers being provided with on the spot information about buildings, terrain and the likely results of any planned rescue operations such as the likely impact of clearing a path through rubble. Although the additional information that is presented by outdoor augmented reality systems is likely to be of great benefit, it has to be realised that the generation of such information is only possible after extensive digital surveys of the areas for which augmented reality is being used are available. The likely design of such augmented reality systems will also mean that not all computation or data storage is capable of being performed on the portable units which are provided to the field users. The need to establish and maintain communication links as well as sophisticated computer equipment with which portable units are connected through communication links as well as the requirements to collect detailed data such as airborne laser scanning data under conditions of war or immediately after a natural disaster are some of the difficulties associated with the previously outdoor augmented reality applications. The equipment has to be extremely rugged and reliable as well as capable of being worn over long periods. In the military applications, the communication system which consists of fixed transmitters can be vulnerable and there is a requirement to maintain the large bandwidth communication links between the portable units and a central computer so that the augmented reality system can superimpose virtual scenes on real world information with accuracy as well as reliability. It will be undesirable to have augmented reality system malfunctions in situations whi ch require that users concentrate on other critical tasks rather then fixing any idiosyncrasies associated with the augmented reality equipment. Generally speaking, it is difficult for the existing tracking technology to track a user with sufficient accuracy when a portable augmented reality system is being used outdoors. [28] The next section of the essay presents a discussion about errors in augmented reality systems. 6. The Potential Sources of Error in an Augmented Reality System An important problem which has been observed in augmented reality systems is that objects which have been generated by the computer in a virtual environment for superimposition on to the view of the real environment do not remain correctly aligned or locked onto the real world objects. The degree of misalignment can vary as the user changes their field of view and thus, with a changing field of vision due to a user moving their head, objects that are being viewed through the augmented reality displays can appear to swim as a user moves their head. [29] The errors which create problems in augmented reality systems can be broadly classified as static or dynamic errors. Static errors refer to those sources of error which can cause problems with the presentation of augmented reality when the user and the objects within the environment are completely still. Dynamic errors do not have an impact until there is a movement of the viewpoint or the objects. Some of the sources of error which ca n have an impact on the visual performance of augmented reality systems are as follows: [30] Static Errors Optical distortion caused by distortions or imperfections in the camera and lens systems especially in objects which are away from the optical axis. Errors in the tracking and sensing system which result a distorted output from such systems. Mechanical misalignments that exist within the components of the augmented reality system such as combiners, optics or monitors due to factors such as not having a sufficiently rigid mechanical frame. Incorrect viewing parameters due to a lack of calibration that has an impact on how the reported head or camera locations are translated into viewing matrices which are used by scene generators for drawing images that are required to be superimposed on to the real world inputs. Dynamic Errors End –to- end system delays cause problems because each component in the augmented reality system require some time to produce an output for a given input. Any change in the position or orientation of a user will take some time before being processed and registered on the augmented reality picture that is presented to a viewer. Delays associated with the tracking subsystem, communication links and scene generation as well as time delays that are associated with frame buffers will prevent an immediate updating of the augmented reality picture that is presented to the viewer. A certain level of delay or lag is acceptable and these delays will not cause a serious deterioration in the augmented reality presentation. Typi

Moral Panic in Contemporary Society: Islamophobia

Moral Panic in Contemporary Society: Islamophobia This essay argues that Moral Panic in the contemporary context has evolved from the historical context. Moral panic, in essence, is defined as an ephemeral but recurring condition or people stereotypically portrayed as a threat to societal values and interests by mass media (Cohen cited in Marsh Melville, 2011). This essay will use the recent ‘anti-halal hysteria’ as a case study to illustrate the contemporary moral panic of Islamophobia. Among the components discussed are the differences between historical and contemporary issues of moral panic and Cohen’s Moral Panic framework. As a start, this essay deconstructs Cohen’s definition of moral panic with reference to Islamophobia. Islamophobia is a transient but dormant issue that has recently been ‘reawakened’ in relations to the issue of halal meat circulating in the United Kingdom. It is a term used in the UK around the 1980s to 1990s as a signal rejection of and discrimination against the M uslim population due to issues of immigrations (Allen cited in Là ²pez, 2011) and recently is described as a religious intolerance due to the growing presence of the Islamic religion in the â€Å"West† (Là ²pez, 2011). First of all, this essay argues that there is a nuance shift in the issues of historical moral panic compared to contemporary moral panic. As Critcher (2002) posits, modern moral panics have altered focus. Hughes et al. (2011) further support that moral panic is now being applied to a growing range of examples by deviating from issues back in the 1960s and 1970s. Historical moral panics often focus on the issue of youths and subcultures, like the work of Stanley Cohen in the 1970s on the rockers and mods (Marsh Melville, 2011), Young’s research on the drug use of hippies in the 1960s (ibid, 2011) and Ainley (ibid, 2011)’s research on the ‘hoodies’. Meanwhile, contemporary moral panic has expanded to encompass issues of racism instead of dwelling on youth-related topics, for example, the present case study of ‘anti-halal hysteria’, ‘Islamic infiltration plot in Birmingham schools’ (McNamara, 2014) and the ‘association of crim es to Muslim women with headscraves’ (Duell, 2014). However, one may refer to Hall’s work on racism and resistance (Procter, 2004) to argue that ‘racism’ is a moral panic dated back to the 1970s. As such, this essay posits that â€Å"Islamophobia† is a contemporary moral panic that evolves from historical moral panic on xenophobia. Even though contemporary issues on moral panic have digressed from youth issues, Hughes et al. (2011) noted that ‘moral panic’ is still regularly being used in the media revolving around issues on social problems, controversies and capitalizes on people’s fear and anxiety. Islamophobia bears resemblance to the historical moral panic which exploits on people’s fear in maintaining their social status (Young cited in Hughes, et al., 2011) as Islamophobia capitalises on Britons’ fear of losing their national identity. As such, this statement underpins Richardson (2009)’s articulation that Muslims have now become the latest incarnations of folk devils. In addition, this essay argues that contemporary moral panic deviates from some of Cohen’s moral panic framework which is constructed by a linear six stages namely ‘crisis happen’, sensification, witch hunt, amplification, panic and counter-action. In the context of the anti-halal hysteria, this essay argues that the current issue does not conform to Cohen’s first stage of ‘crisis happening’ as there is apparently no actual crisis in Subway’s decision to offer halal meat in some of its stores in the first place. Instead, it is the Daily Mail’s exaggerated reporting that deliberately frames Subway’s commercial decision as a result of being ‘strongly demanded’ by the Muslims customers (Poutler, 2014). Subway on the other hand justifies their decision as purely a matter of weighing financial losses and profits as the stores are situated within heavily populated Muslim vicinities (Allen, 2014). Failing to see this as a commercial decision, the Daily Mail over-reacted and reignited the food debate protest on halal meat that was dated back in 2012, headed by British National Party (BNP)’s leader Nick Griffin (Engage, 2012). In order to explain this manipulation of media, this essay agrees with Schlesinger (cited in Critcher, 2002) that in contemporary moral panic, the media has assumed the role of primary definers as opposed to being secondary definers. According to Procter (2004), primary definers refer to the way media first look to authoritative figures particularly politicians in structuring news. Very often, original theory of moral panics posits that media’s Ideological role is tie to that of the government’s hegemony ideology (McRobbie Thornton). Contrastingly, in the context of the recent Islamophobia, the press, specifically the Daily Mail acts as the primary definer, dictating the news agenda. This shows that contemporary media does not adhere to Gramsci’s theory of hegemony (Procter, 2004). This inference contradicts with Cohen (2002)’s assertion that the media is important in reproducing and sustaining the dominant ideology instead of being transmitters or campai gners of moral panics. However, based on McRobbie and Thornton (cited in Cohen, 1999)’s assertion and in view of this latest issue, contemporary media actually sets their own agenda by instigating ordinary issues that may be contradictory to government’s policies. Therefore, demonstrating that contemporary moral panic has evolved from a historical model. Moving on, this essay recognizes that contemporary moral panic adheres to the second stage of Cohen’s model- sensification. Soon after the article on Subway is published, it is inferred that the public become sensitive to the issue of Muslim allegedly invading the local food industry. This is because according to Hughes et al. (2011), people are sensitive to issues that ‘hit the sore spot’, in this context, referring to the fear of a foreign power- the Muslims. Besides that, as the issue of halal is intentionally highlighted in the news, it increases the possibility of public in becoming aware of the said issue. On top of that, the media further saturates the public sphere with inflammatory risk discourses (Hier cited in Critcher, 2008) and headlines such as â€Å"Millions are eating halal food without knowing it†. This I infer is the media’s attempt to frame public’s negative perception towards Muslims as a means to make them aware of homegro wn Islamic extremism (Allen, 2007). Nevertheless, the essay argues that the current issue does not fit into Cohen’s third stage- ‘witch hunt’. This may be attributed to the origins and structure of the news itself in which Daily Mail’s reporting on Subway’s decision is very much biased and sensationalized. Media, as Cohen (2002) points out, often stereotypes and misrepresents deviance. As such, this essay argues that the process of ‘witch hunting’ for folk devils is omitted in the case study as the Daily Mail has, at the very beginning, embedded the stereotypical notion of â€Å"Islamophobia†, misrepresenting and accusing the Muslims for exerting pressure onto Subway. The Muslims are not ‘found’ to be the folk devil, but they are ‘framed’ to be one in a contemporary context. On top of that, such stereotypical reporting may also be explained as a journalist goal to attune to the popularity of human interest stories (McRobbie Thornton, 1995) so as to gain public readership by capitalizing on moral panics. Richardson (2009) contends news about Muslims is often presented with a hint of menace, thus suggesting the possibility of unethical journalism practice in local tabloid. Although stage three of Cohen’s model is omitted in the context of contemporary case study, the case study still conforms to Cohen’s ‘amplification’ stage as presses such as the Sun and BBC join in to amplify the initially non-existent crisis. For instance, The Sun’s overly sensationalized the news of Pizza Express using halal meat (Jones, 2014) while the BBC reported that five leading UK supermarkets are selling halal meat (BBC News, 2014). Adding on to the fuel, the Daily Mail goes on to exaggerate that Muslims are ‘stealthily taking over Britain’s supermarket’ (Poutler et al., 2014). The role of media as Luce (2013) posit is supposedly to help maintain stability in a society. However, in this context, the presses are seen to be disrupting the social order of the society. This is because it was the presses who initiate the ‘hate crime’ with alarmist reporting that agitate the issue of local food store chains and sup ermarkets selling halal meat without the consent or knowledge of customers. As such, this essay inferred that the tabloid media is trying to drive a rift between races. As a result of this amplification spiral, the initial issue on commercialized industry selling halal meat has escalated into a wider spectrum involving pressure groups such as RSPCA, National Secular Society (NSS) and British Veterinary Association (BVA). These associations are outrage by the animal slaughtering method of Muslim abattoirs following a CCTV still released by Daily Mail with the caption ‘more than 100 sheep appeared to write in agony after being ritually killed’ (Allen, 2014). The term ‘halal’ which literally means ‘permissible’ or ‘lawful’ under Islamic Law (Henley, 2013; Poutler, 2014) stated that animals must be ritually killed when it is conscious. This disparity in method of animal slaughtering has once again flared up the long-enduring heated between the pressure groups whom advocate pre-stunning before slaughtering and the deviants (the Muslims)’s ritual slaughtering. Consequently, the press has now shift ed its attention from the original issue on Subway’s commercial decision to the slaughtering method of animals, thus causing the ‘original problem’ to be obscured while this ‘deviance issue’ to escalate. Media employ highly emotive and rhetorical language (McRobbie Thornton, 1999) to distinguish ‘us’ and ‘them’ by idealizing us and demonizing (Richardson, 2009) the Muslims that they do not care about how animals are slaughtered. The press further reveals that as thousands of Britons are consuming halal food, insinuating that they have been ‘Islamized’ (Poutler, 2001). Even though the focus of issues has shifted, the underlying notion remains that of ‘Islamopohia’ (Allen, 2014). From the repercussion of the above amplification, this causes panic among the animal welfare advocates as well as the general public of the growing power of Islam. Revelation that halal meat is widely circulated and the ‘inhumane’ ritual slaughtering method of the Muslims, the term ‘anti-halal hysteria’ emerges, signifying a new wave of moral panic associated with Islamophobia. A fraction of public are explicitly showing contempt towards the Muslims by boycotting the list of stores selling halal meat while pressure groups petition for banning ritual slaughtering method. Even though this essay argues that the original problem is non-existence, the deviance issues still escalate. Last but not least, the sixth stage of Cohen’s model, counter-actions is, as this essay argues, not entirely applicable in contemporary moral panic. The notion of ‘something should be done’ is evident here but this essay finds it ironic that there is not a problem in the first place as it is simply a misrepresentation of a commercial decision by the media. Counter action in Cohen’s model refers to legislative attempt in subduing the deviants (Cohen, 2002). However, this essay argues that there is no counter action in the case study as local government retains their position in the issue of anti-halal hysteria by upholding the law of allowing religious slaughter method even though pressure groups are fervently petitioning to label and impose regulations on the sources and method of slaughtering poultry. In this context, counter-action is not taken by the government but rather a compromise position is negotiated. This is Britain’s attempt to assimilate the minorities by offering them the freedom of religion (Castle Freytas-Tamura, 2014). As a matter of fact, this essay recognizes that contemporary moral panic does not conform to Cohen’s linear static process as first of all, crisis did not happen, there is no ‘witch hunting’ process and there is no relative counter-action. As such, this essay argues that contemporary model panic is best described using attributes instead of a static process. Hence, the essay suggests looking to Goode and Ben-Yehuda’s five attributes of moral panic (concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality and volatility) as a preferable model. Firstly, concerns over Islamophobia have always been long existed in the UK. Secondly, the term ‘anti-halal hysteria’ is a signifier of hostility towards the Muslims. Thirdly, there is consensus among the presses and pressure group that accepting that Muslim poses threats economically but also societal values. Disproportionality is demonstrated through the actions of pressure group in calling for the ban of halal meat as it does not resolve the issue of Islamophobia. Lastly, contemporary moral panic fits the characteristics of being volatile as the following issue dominating local news on Islamophobia is the British National Party protesting over the plans for a new mosque in Hemel Hempstead (Pitt, 2014) once again showing that moral panic is on-going. As a conclusion, the utility of moral panic is no doubt necessary in enhancing our understanding of new cases to which it has been extended (Hughes et al., 2011). Studies on moral panic is not static (Hughes, et al., 2011) as it is constantly revised, extended and developed (ibid, 2011). Moral panics are ‘not just one-off events but it is their reappearance that confirms their status as moral disturbances of any significant order’ (Young cited in Marsh Melville, 2011). This essay argues that media do not report facts but rather conjectures about Subway’s decision. Even though stages of establishing moral panic is not static and may overlap occasionally, some attributes of moral panic is still very much identifiable (Jewkes cited in Marsh Melville, 2011). Islamophobia has been infused into the everyday life of modern Britain (Allen, 200) and will always be an on-going issue but just that the focus on issue shifts and even sometimes incorporates or bring other iss ues into the picture.